Education on Fibre and Fabric differences, types, examples, classifications, care and finishes
Education on Fibre and Fabric differences, types, examples, classifications, care and finishes
Fibres
it is any material used to produce fabrics or
a fibre is a flexible tiny hair-like structure used to produce yarns for fabrics.
Types of fibres
-artificial/man-made fibres
-natural fibres
Artificial fibres
They are fibres obtained from man
Types of man- made/artificial fibres
1. synthetic fibres- they are fibres that are purely produced from chemicals eg. Nylon, polyester etc.
2. regenerated fibres- they are fibres produced from the combination of natural materials and chemicals
Natural fibres
They are fibres obtained from natural sources
Types of natural fibres
1. plant/cellulosic fibres-fibres obtained from plants
2. animal fibres/protein fibres-they are fibres obtained from animals
-mineral fibres- they are fibres obtained from rocks
Sources and classification of fibres:
– principal origin i.e. Natural and man-made
– chemical type i.e. Cellulosic, protein, mineral, synthetic, (petroleum) regenerated,
– family name or type i.e. Seed, hair, stem, leaf, root, husk, animal skin, animal hair, animal secretion, rock, metallic, plant pulp, petroleum product, by products of natural fibres and chemicals combined.
– specific name eg. Cotton, linen, silk, wool, silver, rayon, polyester, nylon, acetate, acrylic, glass, etc
identification of fibres:
-visual inspection
– microscopic examination
– burning test –
– absorbency test,
characteristics of cellulosic fibres:
– they are very absorbent so they dye very well and are able to absorb sweat very well to make them cool and comfortable to use in hot or warm weathers.
– they have low resiliency and therefore wrinkle or crease badly.
– they are non-thermoplastic therefore they can withstand high temperatures without melting, etc. Properties of protein fibres:
– high resiliency so hang out well and does not crease easily.
– weaker when wet so they relax or shrink if not well washed. They are however very strong in their dry state, etc.
Characteristics of Animal fibres.
It is a non-conductor of heat:
– warm to wear.
– very absorbent and is comfortable to wear in cold weather.
– scaly therefore felts and can irritate the skin in hot or dry weather
– feels dry on the surface in its wet state therefore prevents chill.
Characteristics of synthetic fibres:
– are thermoplastic therefore melt on exposure to high temperature
– low absorbency so absorbs very little moisture
– high resiliency so they do not wrinkle badly regenerated cellulosic e.g. Rayon, acetate.
natural mineral fibres:
– high density eg. Steel, asbestos, aluminium, gold, glass.
– heavy in weight.
– flame proof so do not burn
Methods of fabric production:
– weaving
– knitting
– quilting
– crocheting
– lacing
– bonding
– netting
fabric finishes:
a finish is treatment given to a fibre, yarn or fabric either before or after constructing the fabric to improve the appearance, hand (feel) and performance.
Types of finishes:
beetling is a mechanical finish applied to cotton and linen to flatten the yarns to increase luster or sheen.
calendaring – applied to all fabrics to smoothen their surfaces.
Mercerization –a chemical finish applied to cellulose fibres.to Add luster, improves absorbency,
Other finishes of fibres
Singeing,
Sizing,
Weighting,
bleaching,
embossed surfaces,
napping,
flocking,
waterproof,
Water repellent,
moth proof,
Pre-shrunk,
Flame proof scotch guard.
Examples of Cotton fabrics:
Grey baft,
Calico/poplin,
Wax prints (dumas),
plaid,
Lawn,
muslin,
Lace,
jersey,
Seer- sucker,
crinkle,
gingham, cotton,
Toweling,
drill,
Corduroy,
Cotton velvet,
Damask,
Denim,
Brushed cotton,
Flannelette,
winceyette, etc
.
Examples of linen fabrics:
damask,
Embroidery linen,
Suiting linen,
Handkerchief linen,
lace,
gingham,
printed linen,
Dress linen,
sheeting,
canvas.
Examples of silk fabrics:
taffeta,
Chiffon,
Organza,
Washed silk,
Silk satin,
Examples of Woollen fabrics:
Tweed,
Jersey,
Mohair,
flannel,
Worsted,
Gabardine,
Cashmere,
Examples of synthetic fabrics:
Acrylic-pile,
jersey,
Fur,
fleece,
. Polyamide/nylon,
organza,
Chiffon,
Satin,
brocade,
polyester-
Crimplene,
Terylene,
Dacron,
Net,
Lace,
Reasons for fibres combinations:
to improve;
– performance,
-care
– aesthetic properties.
blends: different fibres are spun to make yarns to produce a fabric.
mixtures: yarns of different fibres are used to produce the fabric.
Uses of cotton fabrics uses:
– underwear
– outerwear,
– accessories, etc.
– household linen
– industrial materials
Uses of linen fabrics uses:
– outerwear
– accessories
– household linen,
– industrial materials,
Uses of silk fabrics uses:
– outer garments
– accessories
– outwear
– accessories
– household articles
Uses of Nylon fabrics uses:
– undergarments
– outer garments
– accessories
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